France’s government is trying to imitate Germany – and is facing a lot of resistance for doing so, as evidenced by the current strikes and demonstrations. But maybe Germany isn’t the shining example it’s set up to be.
The conflict surrounding the labor market reforms in France aren’t going to be resolved quickly. Talks between labor minister Myriam El Khomri and left-leaning trade union CGT, were “productive” but highlighted the dissent between the strikers and the government, according to union chief Philippe Martinez. The union has decided not to cancel the two more days of planned strikes.
France has twice as many unemployed as Germany, it has higher levels of debt, and despite some attempts at austerity, hasn’t managed to adhere to the budget standards laid out in the EU’s Stability Pact, because its economy has been sluggish. In contrast, Germany seems to many in France like an economic wonderland worthy of emulation.
There are two fully contrary positions as to how to proceed. President Francois Hollande is dreaming of a reform package, in the style of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder with his “Agenda 2010.”
“Are you France’s Gerhard Schröder?” a journalist asked Hollande recently. He answered that he would rather be remembered as a president who “implemented reforms, however unpopular”, according to the newspaper Le Figaro – in an article about Germany as an example of reform.
Hollande can measure just how unpopular his plans are based on his miserable ratings. The weeks-long strikes and demonstrations have also shown him just how difficult it is to push even small reforms through – let alone his own take on Agenda 2010.
But that’s exactly what France needs, according to Isabelle Bourgeois of the CIRAC research center at Cergy-Pontoise University northwest of Paris.
The French agenda
“We need reforms, otherwise bankruptcy is imminent – like in German history,” Bourgeois told DW. “Our unemployment benefits, health insurance and pensions all need a solid financing basis. There have to be more contributions by the individual, and the time of eligibility to receive unemployment benefits has to be urgently reduced.”
Fewer social benefits, more personal responsibility on the part of the citizens – that can all reduce costs, strengthen companies, and spur growth, at least in theory.
Germany was also considered the “sick man of Europe” and suffered, as France does today, high unemployment and budget constraints. The German unions cooperated with the reforms – and complemented them with wage restraint.
That France has to follow in Germany’s footsteps is a very popular notion, not only among French politicians, but within Germany itself, where many think “they have to power through this, we’ve managed”.
But there’s another, fully contrarian view: France’s unemployment problem is an imported one, from Germany. That’s what left-leaning German paper taz argues in a commentary.
Wage-dumping
“In the early 2000s, Germany implemented a conscious wage-restraining policy – one could also call it wage-dumping”, said economist Heiner Flassbeck in an interview for DW. “That’s how Germany managed to create an excellent competitive position for itself within the newly started European currency union.”
In the first decade of the currency union, real wages in Germany dropped by 6 percent, in other countries they rose significantly, like in France, where they increased by nearly 10 percent. The result was a growing export surplus for Germany, celebrated as a success story in the country.
In economics, there’s an expression called “beggar-thy-neighbor.” It wasn’t coined by leftist economists, but by Adam Smith of “invisible hand” fame and a pioneer of political economy. As early as the18th century, Smith criticized the “beggar-they-neighbor” strategy as a cause for international tensions.
In international trade, such advantages peter out sooner or later, as the exchange rate adjusts. Within a currency union, that’s not possible.
“One of course has to be competitive. But it’s something else entirely to enter a currency union and then undercut others,” said Flassbeck, the former chief economist of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
And that’s how the euro stayed cheap for Germany and too expensive for France and other countries. In Germany, unemployment shrank, in France it grew. The international financial crisis threatened this fragile fabric even further.
Low salaries, low interest rates
Germany’s solo flight has strengthened a development that even Germans are now complaining about, said Flassbeck. That the European Central Bank has not managed to get even close to its 2-percent inflation goal also has a lot to do with Germany’s long-term wage restraint policy.
“When you have an inflation target of 2 percent, then you also have to have wage increases accordingly,” said Flassbeck. “But Germany has always stayed below that and clearly violated the rules.”
That the EU commission has stayed silent on this is a “dramatic failure” in Flassbeck’s opinion.
The 2.4 increase in real wages in Germany is “laughably small” and would not be enough to help achieve acceptable inflation values, the economist said. The zero interest rate policy of the ECB exists “not because Draghi is playing at insanity,” but rather because wages in Germany, and as a result, in other countries, aren’t increasing enough.
Germany as the bogeyman
Flassbeck’s opinion is hardly a common one. Because Germany is in better economic health than the other euro countries, it’s often considered a shining example, also by Germans themselves. They argue that if France, Italy, Spain and the others had only done their homework, then the eurozone would recover more quickly.
“It’s a natural reflex to say that the successful ones did everything right, and the less successful ones have to emulate them,” said Flassbeck. “But in this case that would be wrong, because the successful one did something that it wasn’t actually allowed to do.”
Flassbeck is convinced that if all European countries had done what Germany had in the early days of the euro, then deflation and a zero-interest policy would have set in at the very start.
In France, the left wing of the governing Socialists has refused to accept the Germany way as gospel.
“They equate Europe with globalization and intense competition pressure from other countries, especially Germany,” said Isabelle Bourgeois. “They describe Germany as the boogeyman.”
Bourgeois concludes that the Socialists have to split up, in order to push reforms forward. Flassbeck’s conclusion looks different: if the Germans don’t give way, then the currency union has to fail.
